Gender Dynamics in Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy Among Primary Caregivers in Ethiopia: A Mixed-Methods Study

This mixed‑methods study examined how gender norms influence childhood vaccination uptake in Ethiopia. While overall willingness to vaccinate was high, more than half of caregivers showed some vaccine hesitancy, particularly men. Hesitancy was shaped by traditional gender roles, misinformation, and socio‑economic factors, while education, family and religious support, and engagement with health workers increased acceptance. The findings highlight the need for gender‑responsive immunization strategies that actively engage men and address social and cultural norms to reduce persistent vaccine hesitancy. 

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